LOW-FIDELITY, LOW-COST SIMULATOR MODEL FOR VIDEOSURGERY TRAINING / MODELO DE SIMULADOR DE BAIXA FIDELIDADE E BAIXO CUSTO PARA TREINAMENTO EM VIDEOCIRURGIA

Introduction: Teaching in conventional surgery has traditionally been based on the Halstedian model of "see one, do one, and teach one". However, with the widespread success of videolaparoscopic surgery, the teaching method needed to be adapted to a novel "Do many, always mentored" model. The modern era of surgery demands sequential training with progressively increasing complexity and supervised repetition, in order to acquire specific skills prior to the first surgical procedure. Objective: To develop a new experimental teaching and training with low cost and low fidelity platform for laparoscopic surgery using synthetic materials, and simple manufacturing. Method: A platform was built using low-cost materials easily found in hardware stores, consisting of a wooden board and a few hardware materials (threaded bolt, wing nut and bolt, threaded hooks), EVA sheet (ethylene vinylacetat), white crafting paint, and felt-tip pen. The sample consisted of 15 general surgeons with more than 10 years of experience in videolaparoscopy. The evaluation began with an explanatory video lasting 20 min. Next, each surgeon performed 5 recorded tasks for later analysis and scoring. Skills were measured according to the stablished score. Results: The developed platform was useful and capable of reproducing the tasks performed based on the program of Fundaments of Laparoscopic Surgery. All the surgeons of the sample group achieved the target time proposed for the program. Conclusion: Was shown that the proposed platform can be built using easily obtainable and low-cost materials, and it proved to be an effective model for training in laparoscopic surgery, being easy to replicate and construct. Additionally, this platform can be easily adapted to various models of tasks using materials similar to those found in other training programs, that are widely practiced and have been globally validated.

Introdução: O ensino em cirurgia convencional foi tradicionalmente baseado no modelo halstediano do "see one, do one and teach one" (veja um, faça um e ensine um); porém, com a bem sucedida propagação da cirurgia videolaparoscópica precisou ser adaptado para um novo modelo do "do many, mentored always" (fazer vários, sempre supervisionado). A nova era da cirurgia demanda treinamento sequencial, com crescente complexidade e repetição supervisionada para adquirir habilidades especificas prévias ao primeiro ato operatório. Objetivo: Desenvolver modelo para ensino e treinamento em videocirurgia com plataforma de baixo custo, fácil execução e baixa fidelidade com tarefas que utilizam materiais sintéticos. Método: Construiu-se com materiais de baixo custo plataforma utilizando apenas placa de madeira, poucos materiais de ferragem (parafuso simples, parafuso com porca tipo borboleta, gancho com rosca), folha de EVA (etileno acetato de vinila), tinta branca para artesanato e caneta hidrográfica. A amostra-teste foi composta por 15 cirurgiões gerais com mais de 10 anos de experiência em videolaparoscopia. Iniciou-se a avaliação com um vídeo explicativo com duração de 20 min. A seguir, cada cirurgião executou 5 tarefas gravadas para posterior análise e pontuação. Mediu-se as habilidades de acordo com a pontuação. Resultados: A plataforma foi útil e eficaz em reproduzir as atividades utilizadas para replicação do programa comparativo do Fundaments of Laparoscopic Surgery. A amostra de cirurgiões atingiu o tempo alvo definido como padrão pelo programa. Conclusão: A plataforma elaborada com materiais de baixo custo é de fácil aquisição, mostrou-se modelo eficaz para treinamento em videocirurgia, de fácil replicabilidade e construção, adaptável a vários modelos de tarefas, e feita com materiais sintéticos.

Platelet-rich fibrin improves the osteoneogenesis in non-critical defects in calvaria: a histological and histometric study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and autograft on non-critical bone repair. METHODS: Four bone defects (8.3 × 2 mm) were produced on the calvarium of 15 rabbits. The surgical defects were treated with either autograft, autograft associated to PRF, PRF alone, and sham. Animals were euthanized on the second, fourth or sixth posteoperative week. Histological analyses for presence of bone development on deffect was evaluated comparing the groups treated with autograft and without the autograft separately within the same period. Mann-Whitney's tests were used to compare the percentage of bone repair in each post-operative period for autograft × autograft + PRF groups and also for control × PRF groups (α = 5%). RESULTS: No differences were observed between the groups that received autograft and autograft associated to PRF on the second and fourth postoperative week, but areas treated with PRF demonstrated significant osteogenesis when compared to sham group on the fourth and sixth weeks. The groups that received PRF (with autograft or alone) demonstrated an enlarged bone deposition when compared to their control group. CONCLUSIONS: The use of PRF may influence bone repair and improve the bone deposition in late period of repair demonstrating osteoconductive and osteogenic properties.

MACROSCOPIC AND HISTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ON ENDOSCOPICALLY RESECTED RECTAL LESIONS.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is among the most common malignancies worldwide. Colonoscopy is the examination of choice for the prevention of CRC because of its great diagnostic and, especially, therapeutic capacity in relation to adenomatous lesions. AIMS: This study aimed to analyze the prevalence, macroscopic, and histological characteristics of polypoid rectal lesions resected through endoscopic techniques and assess whether endoscopic therapy is safe and efficient for treating lesions located in the rectum. METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study with an analysis of the medical records of all patients undergoing resection of rectal polyps. RESULTS: A total of 123 patients with rectal lesions were evaluated, with 59 men and 64 women of mean age 56 years. All patients underwent endoscopic resection: 70% with polypectomy and 30% with wide mucosectomy. Complete colonoscopy with removal of the entire rectal lesion occurred in 91%, while in 5% the preparation was inadequate and poor clinical conditions were an impeditive factor, and in 4% surgical treatment was indicated because there was an infiltrative lesion with central ulceration. Histological evaluation showed adenomas in 3.25%, hyperplasia in 7.32%, and hamartoma in 0.81%; low-grade dysplasia was identified in 34.96%, high-grade dysplasia in 51.22%, and adenocarcinoma in 1.63%, while one case (0.81%) was classified as erosion. CONCLUSIONS: Polyps in the rectum are common and were found in 37% of these colonoscopies. Adenomas with dysplasia were the most common form of Colorectal cancer . Therapeutic colonoscopy proved to be a safe and efficient method for the complete treatment of rectal lesions.

Macroscopic and histological analysis on endoscopically resected rectal lesions / Análise macroscópica e histológica de lesões retais endoscopicamente ressecadas

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is among the most common malignancies worldwide. Colonoscopy is the examination of choice for the prevention of CRC because of its great diagnostic and, especially, therapeutic capacity in relation to adenomatous lesions. AIMS: This study aimed to analyze the prevalence, macroscopic, and histological characteristics of polypoid rectal lesions resected through endoscopic techniques and assess whether endoscopic therapy is safe and efficient for treating lesions located in the rectum. METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study with an analysis of the medical records of all patients undergoing resection of rectal polyps. RESULTS: A total of 123 patients with rectal lesions were evaluated, with 59 men and 64 women of mean age 56 years. All patients underwent endoscopic resection: 70% with polypectomy and 30% with wide mucosectomy. Complete colonoscopy with removal of the entire rectal lesion occurred in 91%, while in 5% the preparation was inadequate and poor clinical conditions were an impeditive factor, and in 4% surgical treatment was indicated because there was an infiltrative lesion with central ulceration. Histological evaluation showed adenomas in 3.25%, hyperplasia in 7.32%, and hamartoma in 0.81%; low-grade dysplasia was identified in 34.96%, high-grade dysplasia in 51.22%, and adenocarcinoma in 1.63%, while one case (0.81%) was classified as erosion. CONCLUSIONS: Polyps in the rectum are common and were found in 37% of these colonoscopies. Adenomas with dysplasia were the most common form of Colorectal cancer . Therapeutic colonoscopy proved to be a safe and efficient method for the complete treatment of rectal lesions.

RESUMO RACIONAL: O câncer colorretal (CCR) está entre as neoplasias mais comuns em todo o mundo. A colonoscopia é o exame de escolha para prevenção por sua grande capacidade diagnóstica e, principalmente, terapêutica em relação às lesões adenomatosas. OBJETIVOS: Analisar a prevalência, as características macroscópicas e histológicas das lesões polipoides retais ressecadas por técnicas endoscópicas e avaliar se a terapia endoscópica é segura e eficaz para o tratamento de lesões localizadas no reto. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional retrospectivo com análise dos prontuários de todos os pacientes submetidos à ressecção de pólipos retais. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 123 pacientes com lesões retais: 59 homens e 64 mulheres com idade média de 56 anos. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à ressecção endoscópica: 70% com polipectomia e 30% com mucosectomia ampla. A colonoscopia completa com retirada de toda a lesão retal ocorreu em 91%, enquanto em 5% o preparo foi inadequado e as más condições clínicas foram fator impeditivo, e em 4% o tratamento cirúrgico foi indicado por haver lesão infiltrativa com ulceração central. A avaliação histológica mostrou adenomas em 3,25%, hiperplasia em 7,32% e hamartoma em 0,81%; displasia de baixo grau foi identificada em 34,96%, displasia de alto grau em 51,22% e adenocarcinoma em 1,63%, enquanto um caso (0,81%) foi classificado como erosão. CONCLUSÕES: Pólipos no reto são comuns e foram encontrados em 37% das colonoscopias. Adenomas com displasia foram a forma mais comum de câncer colorretal. A colonoscopia terapêutica mostrou-se método seguro e eficiente para o tratamento completo das lesões retais.

Platelet-rich fibrin improves the osteoneogenesis in non-critical defects in calvaria: a histological and histometric study

ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and autograft on non-critical bone repair. Methods: Four bone defects (8.3 × 2 mm) were produced on the calvarium of 15 rabbits. The surgical defects were treated with either autograft, autograft associated to PRF, PRF alone, and sham. Animals were euthanized on the second, fourth or sixth posteoperative week. Histological analyses for presence of bone development on deffect was evaluated comparing the groups treated with autograft and without the autograft separately within the same period. Mann-Whitney's tests were used to compare the percentage of bone repair in each post-operative period for autograft × autograft + PRF groups and also for control × PRF groups (α = 5%). Results: No differences were observed between the groups that received autograft and autograft associated to PRF on the second and fourth postoperative week, but areas treated with PRF demonstrated significant osteogenesis when compared to sham group on the fourth and sixth weeks. The groups that received PRF (with autograft or alone) demonstrated an enlarged bone deposition when compared to their control group. Conclusions: The use of PRF may influence bone repair and improve the bone deposition in late period of repair demonstrating osteoconductive and osteogenic properties.

TISSUE RESPONSES AND HEALING PATTERN OF PERIOSTAL DEFECTS IN CALVARY BETWEEN TWO TYPES OF MEMBRANES PRODUCED THROUGH BIOENGINEERING: STUDY IN RABBITS / RESPOSTAS TECIDUAIS E PADRÃO DE CICATRIZAÇÃO DE DEFEITOS PERIOSTAIS NA CALVÁRIA ENTRE DOIS TIPOS DE MEMBRANAS PRODUZIDAS POR MEIO DE BIOENGENHARIA: ESTUDO EM COELHOS

Introduction: Simultaneously with the development of new biomaterials, numerous surgical modalities have been proposed, with the aim of promoting adequate regeneration of bone defects, without providing fenestrations or dehiscence. Among the regenerative techniques currently accepted for this purpose, guided tissue regeneration (GTR) stands out. Objective: To evaluate the healing pattern and the histological response of the organism to the insertion of a type A gelatin-based membrane, and to compare it with a commercial membrane. Methods: Fifteen adult rabbits were selected. In the parietal region of the calvaria, flaps were performed to create a supraperiosteal pouch and implantation of 2 types of resorbable membranes: Marquette membrane and Bio-Gide® membrane. After the surgical procedure, the animals were allocated into 3 randomly selected groups (n=5) for the period of euthanasia, which occurred at 2, 4 and 6 postoperative weeks. Subsequently, the calvaria areas were removed and stained by H&E and analyzed for periosteum formation, inflammatory infiltrate in the area of membrane insertion, membrane degradation/resorption, and perimembrane fibrosis. Results: A slight inflammatory infiltration occurred around the Bio-Gide® membrane and it underwent resorption during the postoperative period with periosteum reconstruction, predominantly of a fibrous nature. The Marquette membrane also did not trigger an important inflammatory reaction. However, there was no significant resorption during the period; there was also significant formation of fibrous capsule surrounding the entire membrane area. Conclusion: The Marquette membrane produces tissue isolation reaction, minimizing periosteal formation while not providing its degradation

Introdução: Simultaneamente ao desenvolvimento de novos biomateriais, abundantes modalidades cirúrgicas têm sido propostas, com a finalidade de promover adequada regeneração de defeitos ósseos, sem proporcionar 2 fenestrações ou deiscências. Entre as técnicas regenerativas atualmente aceitas para este propósito, destaca-se a regeneração tecidual guiada (RTG). Objetivo: Avaliar o padrão de cicatrização e a resposta histológica do organismo frente à inserção de uma membrana a base de gelatina tipo A, e compará-la com membrana comercial. Métodos: Foram selecionadas 15 coelhas adultas. Na região parietal da calvária foram realizados retalhos para criação de uma bolsa supraperiostal e implantação de 2 tipos de membranas reabsorvíveis: membrana Marquette e membrana Bio-Gide®. Após o procedimento cirúrgico os animais foram alocados em 3 grupos randomicamente selecionados (n=5) para o período de eutanásia, que ocorreu em 2, 4 e 6 semanas pós-operatórias. Posteriormente, as áreas da calvária foram removidas e coradas por H&E e analisadas para averiguar formação de periósteo, infiltrado inflamatório na área de inserção de membrana, degradação/reabsorção da membrana, e fibrose perimembranar. Resultados: Ao redor da membrana Bio-Gide® ocorreu discreta infiltração inflamatória e a membrana sofreu reabsorção ao decorrer do período pósoperatório com reconstrução de periósteo prevalentemente de caráter fibroso. A membrana Marquette também não desencadeou importante reação inflamatória. Contudo, não foi verificada reabsorção significativa durante o período, também ocorreu significante formação de cápsula fibrosa cerceando toda área membranar. Conclusão: A membrana Marquette produz reação de isolamento tecidual, minimizando a formação periostal ao mesmo tempo que não proporciona sua degradação.

INSULA GLIOMAS: CORRELATION BETWEEN THE TYPE OF APPROACH (TRANSYLVIAN X TRANSCORTICAL) WITH EXTENT OF RESECTION, MORBIDITY AND SURVIVAL / GLIOMAS DA ÍNSULA: CORRELAÇÃO ENTRE O TIPO DE ABORDAGEM (TRANSILVIANA X TRANSCORTICAL) COM EXTENSÃO DA RESSECÇÃO, MORBIDADE E SOBREVIDA

Background: Insula tumors are responsible for up to 25% of low-grade gliomas and 10% of high-grade gliomas. The insula has a complex anatomy, including an eloquent cortex and intimate contact with an arterial vascularization responsible supplying the motor and language systems. Using transsylvian and transcortical corridors for resect insular gliomas remains controversial, and the main concerns behind this are vascular injury during transsylvian dissection and functional impairment in transcortical access. Aim: Observe if there are differences in the extent of lesion resection, postoperative morbidity or survival between the two approaches. Method: 55 patients who underwent resection of insular gliomas by the senior author (GRI) were evaluated, and data related to sex, age at the time of surgical procedure, presence of refractory epilepsy, side of the lesion, pre- and postoperative tumor volumetry, Yasargil and Berger-Sanai classification, encasement of lenticulostriate arteries, neurological examination, and survival were collected. Results: Thirty-one patients (56.4%) underwent a transsylvian approach and 28 patients (43.6%) underwent a transcortical approach. The extent of resection (EOS)> 90% was 61.3% in the transsylvian group and 45.8% in the transcortical group (p = 0.385). The transsylvian approach was chosen for most of the Yasargil type 3 tumors. Late postoperative evaluations of the 2 groups were similar. Conclusions: The transsylvian and transcortical approaches do not present any significant difference in relation to the degree of resection (p = 0.385), survival (p = 0.204), or results in neurological deficits in the late postoperative period.

Racional: Os tumores da ínsula são responsáveis por até 25% dos gliomas de baixo grau e 10% dos de alto grau. A ínsula apresenta uma anatomia complexa, incluindo um córtex eloquente e íntimo contato com uma vascularização responsável pelo suprimento arterial para o sistema motor e de linguagem. A escolha de corredores transsilviano ou transcortical para ressecção de gliomas insulares permanece controversa, e as principais preocupações são a lesão vascular durante a dissecção transilviana e o comprometimento funcional no acesso transcortical. Objetivo: Comparar se há diferença entre a extensão da ressecção da lesão, a morbidade pós operatória ou sobrevida entre as duas abordagens. Método: Foram avaliados 55 pacientes submetidos à ressecção de gliomas insulares e extraídos os dados referentes ao sexo, idade na data do procedimento cirúrgico, presença de 2 epilepsia refratária no pré-operatório, lado da lesão, o volume da lesão em cm3 , calculados a partir da RM encefálica pré-operatória, classificação dos tumores insulares, a técnica cirúrgica utilizada, monitorização intraoperatória, grau histológico obtido através do exame anatomopatológico, extensão da ressecção cirúrgica no pósoperatório, exame neurológico no pré-operatório, pós-operatório tardio, avaliado em 6 meses, além do seguimento evolutivo até dezembro de 2020. Resultados: Foram analisados dados de 55 pacientes com gliomas insulares de baixo ou alto grau. Trinta e um pacientes (56,4%) foram submetidos a abordagem transilviana, e 28 pacientes (43,6%) a abordagem transcortical. A extensão da ressecção (EOR) > 90% foi de 61,3% no grupo transsilviano e 45,8% no grupo transcortical (p = 0,385). A avaliação pós-operatória tardia para os 2 grupos foi semelhantes. No geral, 8 pacientes (25,8%) no grupo transsilviano e 5 pacientes (20,8%) no grupo transcortical apresentou déficit neurológico persistente no pós- operatório tardio. A sobrevida em 24 meses é de 81,3% no grupo transcortical e 92% no transcortical. Conclusões: A abordagem transilviana e transcortical não apresentam diferença significativa em relação ao grau de ressecção (p=0,385), na sobrevida (p=0,204) e na presença de déficit no pósoperatório tardio.

BONE HEALING OF DEFECTS IN CALVARIA USING RICH FIBRIN IN PLATELETS AND LEUKOCYTES: STUDY IN RABBITS / CICATRIZAÇÃO ÓSSEA DE DEFEITOS EM CALVÁRIA UTILIZANDO FIBRINA RICA EM PLAQUETAS E LEUCÓCITOS: ESTUDO EM COELHOS

Introduction: L-PRF (platelet and leukocyte-rich fibrin) is a concentrate of platelets and leukocytes in a fibrin network, obtained by autologous centrifugation collected at the time of the operation. It offers the advantages of low cost, easy preparation, simple acquisition and ability to accelerate the healing of soft and hard tissues. Objective: To evaluate the bone repair of non-critical defects in rabbit calvaria using L-PRF alone and in association with particulate autogenous bone. Method: Fifteen rabbits were used with blood collected and immediately centrifuged. Four non-critical defects measuring 8 mm in diameter were performed and filled with: 1) particulate autogenous bone; 2) particulate autogenous bone + L-PRF; 3) L-PRF only; and 4) without graft. They were sacrificed after 2, 4 and 6 weeks with the samples analyzed histologically and histomorphometrically comparing the regenerated areas. Results: At 2 weeks there was a statistical difference between groups 1 and 3; at 4 weeks there was between groups 2 and 4; and at 6 weeks between groups 1 and 4 and between 3 and 4. There was significant bone and proportional gain between 2 and 6 weeks for the L-PRF group. Conclusion: L-PRF alone had a positive and proportional effect on bone formation over the weeks.

Introdução: O L-PRF (fibrina rica em plaquetas e leucócitos) é concentrado de plaquetas e leucócitos em uma rede de fibrina, obtido pela centrifugação autóloga coletada no momento da operação. Oferece como vantagens o baixo custo, fácil preparo, de simples obtenção e com capacidade de acelerar a cicatrização de tecidos moles e duros. Objetivo: Avaliar o reparo ósseo de defeitos não críticos em calvária de coelhos utilizando o L-PRF isoladamente e em associação com osso autógeno particulado. Método: Foram utilizados 15 coelhos com sangue coletado e imediatamente centrifugado. Foram realizados 4 defeitos não críticos de 8 mm de diâmetro e tratados com preenchimento por: 1) osso autógeno particulado; 2) osso autógeno particulado + L-PRF; 3) somente L-PRF; e 4) sem enxerto. Foram sacrificados após 2, 4 e 6 semanas com as amostras analisadas histologicamente e histomorfometricamente comparando as áreas regenerada. Resultados: Com 2 semanas houve diferença estatística entre os grupos 1 e 3; com 4 semanas entre os grupos 2 e 4; e com 6 semanas entre os grupos 1 e 4 e entre 3 e 4. Houve ganho ósseo e proporcional significativo entre 2 e 6 semanas para o grupo de L-PRF. Conclusão: O L-PRF isoladamente teve efeito positivo e proporcional na formação óssea no decorrer das semanas.

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EXPRESSION OF ALCAM AND ALDH1 MARKERS IN PATIENTS WITH COLORRETAL ADENOCARCINOMA AND ASSOCIATION WITH CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL OUTCOMES / ANÁLISE IMUNOISTOQUÍMICA DA EXPRESSÃO DOS MARCADORES ALCAM E ALDH1 EM PACIENTES COM ADENOCARCINOMA COLORRETAL E ASSOCIAÇÃO COM DESFECHOS CLINICOPATOLÓGICOS

Background: Colorectal cancer has a high global mortality and tumor markers have emerged as diagnostic, management and prognostic indicators. New markers are being studied. Objective: To verify if there is a correlation between the immunohistochemical expression of ALCAM and ALDH1 proteins in colorectal adenocarcinoma tissue with epidemiological and clinicopathological characteristics, in particular their impact on disease progression and death. Method: Observational, single-center, analytical, retrospective study, through the investigation of patients undergoing surgical resection for colorectal cancer. 122 patients were evaluated. Regarding progression, it was shown that in individuals with positive ALCAM (n=40), 14/40 (35%) had progression, and for positive ALDH (n=54), 22/54 (40.7%). For death, the analysis of ALCAM positive (n=40), 24/40 (60%) died, and ALDH1 positive (n=54), 33/54 (61.1%). Conclusion: The immunohistochemical expression of ALCAM and ALDH1 markers was not associated with disease progression and death; it was also not possible to observe a correspondence relationship with the evaluated markers.

Racional: O câncer colorretal apresenta alta mortalidade global e marcadores tumorais têm surgido como sinalizadores de diagnóstico, manejo e prognóstico. Novos marcadores estão sendo estudados. Objetivo: Verificar se há correlação da expressão por imunoistoquímica das proteínas ALCAM e ALDH1 em tecido com adenocarcinoma colorretal com as características epidemiológicas e clinicopatológicas, em particular o seu impacto na progressão de doença e no óbito. Método: Estudo observacional, unicêntrico, analítico, retrospectivo, através da investigação de pacientes submetidos à ressecção cirúrgica por câncer colorretal. Foram avaliados 122 pacientes. Em relação a progressão, mostrou-se que nos indivíduos com ALCAM positiva (n=40), 14/40 (35%) tiveram progressão, e para ALDH positiva (n=54), 22/54 (40,7%). Para óbito, a análise da ALCAM positiva (n=40), 24/40 (60%) morreram, e ALDH1 positivo (n=54), 33/54 (61,1%). Conclusão: A expressão imunoistoquímica dos marcadores ALCAM e ALDH1 não apresentou associação com a progressão de doença e óbito; também não foi possível observar relação de correspondência com os marcadores avaliados.

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CYCLIN D1 BIOMARKER IN PAPILLIFEROUS THYROID CARCINOMAS AND MULTINODULAR GOITERS / ANÁLISE IMUNOISTOQUÍMICA DO BIOMARCADOR CICLINA D1 NOS CARCINOMAS PAPILÍFEROS DE TIREOIDE E BÓCIOS MULTINODULARES

Background: Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) are the most prevalent and least aggressive thyroid carcinomas. In some cases, the diagnosis is doubtfull and the prognosis is poor. The search for tissue biomarkers that make it possible to ensure both the diagnosis for indeterminate cases and the prognosis, identifying the most aggressive cases, has been studied in recent decades. Objective: To analyze the molecular marker cyclin D1 in PTC and multinodular goiter (BMN) and to verify the correlation of the marking with the clinical-pathological characteristics in carcinomas. Methods: 118 tissues from adult patients submitted to PTC thyroidectomy and 40 BMN were selected as a control group. Tissue immunostaining was performed with cyclin D1 with subsequent immunohistochemical analysis in both groups, evaluating the expression of the marker (intensity and distribution). In the PTC group, immunostaining data were also crossed with clinical and pathological data. Results: The majority (93.3%) expressed the staining of cyclin D1 with varying intensities (weak, moderate 3 and strong) and predominantly diffuse distribution (71.2%). The BMN control group expressed staining for cyclin D1 in 57.5%, with weak intensity (47.5%) and sparse distribution (37.5%). The difference between the groups (study and control) was statistically significant (p<0.001). In the CPT group, the clinical-pathological crossings did not show differences regarding age, sex, tumor type and size, lymph node status, focus, angiolymphatic invasion. Conclusion: Cyclin D1 was expressed in the vast majority of PTC with the predominant diffuse distribution. There was no correlation between the expression of cyclin D1 and any clinical-pathological characteristic of PTC.

Racional - Os carcinomas papilíferos são os mais prevalentes e menos agressivos de tireoide (CPT). Em alguns casos, o diagnóstico é duvidoso e o prognóstico ruim. A busca de biomarcadores teciduais que permitam assegurar tanto o diagnóstico para casos indeterminados, quanto o prognóstico, identificando os casos de maior agressividade, têm sido estudadas nas últimas décadas. Objetivo: Analisar a ciclina D1 nos CPT e nos bócios multinodulares (BMN) e verificar a correlação da marcação com as características clinicopatológicas. Métodos: Foram selecionados 118 tecidos de pacientes adultos submetidos àa tireoidectomia por CPT e 40 BMN como grupo controle. Realizou-se imunocoloração tecidual com ciclina D1 com subsequente análise imunoistoquímica em ambos grupos, avaliando-se a expressão do marcador (intensidade e distribuição). No grupo dos CPT os dados da imunocoloração foram também cruzados com os dados clinicopatológicos. Resultados: A maioria (93,3%) expressou a coloração da ciclina D1 com intensidades variadas (fraca, moderada e forte) e distribuição predominantemente difusa (71,2%). O grupo controle dos BMN, expressou coloração para ciclina D1 em 57,5%, com intensidade fraca (47,5%) e distribuição esparsa (37,5%). A diferença entre os grupos (estudo e controle) foi estatisticamente significante (p<0,001). No grupo dos CPT, os cruzamentos clinicopatológicos não evidenciaram diferenças quanto à idade, sexo, tipo e tamanho tumoral, estado linfonodal, focalidade e invasão angiolinfática. Conclusão: A ciclina D1 foi expressa na grande maioria dos CPT sendo a distribuição difusa predominante. Não houve correlação entre a expressão delacom qualquer característica clinicopatológica dos CPT.

CORRELATION OF IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL EXPRESSION OF BETA-CATENIN AND C-MYC WITH AGGRESSIVITY IN GASTRIC TUMORS / CORRELAÇÃO DA EXPRESSÃO IMUNOISTOQUíMICA DE BETA-CATENINA E C-MYC COM A AGRESSIVIDADE EM TUMORES DO ESTÔMAGO

­ Background: Biomarkers are macromolecules present in the body that may be related to neoplastic cells. None of them for diagnosis for secondary prevention were defined for gastric cancer. Objective: To investigate the immunohistochemical expression of beta-catenin and c-MYC proteins in gastric cancer and to correlate them with the aggressiveness of gastric tumors. Method: The sample consisted of histopathological slides, stained by H&E and paraffin blocks, and immunostained. Retrospective clinical data were collected. Clinical and epidemiological information was cross-referenced with the result obtained by immunostaining and its statistical analysis. Results: There was a predominance of men (69.1%), with a mean age of 63.8 years, with a predominance of lesions located in the antrum (54.5%), poorly differentiated (49.1%) with signet ring cells in 30 % of cases. On average, 18 lymph nodes were resected and in 30% no affected lymph nodes were detected. In 42.7% there was already distant metastasis, predominantly liver (61.7%). Stage IV was the classification of 43.6%, not being detected angiolymphatic invasion in 77.3% and perineural in 65.5%. Treatment was surgical and chemotherapy in 87.3%, with R0 resection in 79.1%. c-MYC was negative in 99.1% and beta-catenin was not expressed in 90.9%, being inconclusive in 6 cases. Conclusion: The immunohistochemical expression of these proteins in tissues with gastric cancer was not observed. The analyzed biomarkers, c-MYC and beta-catenin, showed no association with tumor aggressiveness in this cancer

Racional: Biomarcadores são macromoléculas presentes no organismo que podem estar relacionadas com células neoplásicas. Nenhum deles para diagnóstico para prevenção secundária foi definido para o câncer gástrico. Objetivo: Investigar a expressão imunoistoquímica das proteínas beta-catenina e c-MYC no câncer gástrico e correlacioná-las com a agressividade dos tumores do estômago. Método: A amostra consistiu em lâminas histopatológicas, coradas por H&E e blocos de parafina, e realizada imunomarcação. Dados clínicos retrospectivos foram coletados. As informações clinicoepidemiológicas foram cruzadas com o resultado obtido pela imunomarcação e sua análise estatística. Resultado: Houve predomínio de homens (69,1%), com idade média de 63,8 anos, predominando lesão localizada

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND EXPRESSION OF MARKERS P16/KI67 AS RISK FACTORS IN PERSISTENCE OR RECURRENCE OF HIGH GRADE SQUAMOUS INTRAEPITHELIAL LESION / AVALIAÇÃO EPIDEMIOLÓGICA E EXPRESSÃO DOS MARCADORES P16/KI67 COMO FATORES DE RISCO NA PERSISTÊNCIA OU RECIDIVA DA LESÃO INTRAEPITELIAL DE ALTO GRAU

Background: Even when pre-neoplastic lesions are treated, there is a risk that the disease will persist or recur. Objectives: Assess whether the status of the surgical margins, the age, the colposcopic lesion size,type of surgery and the expression of the P16 and KI67 markers are risk factors for the persistence or recurrence of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion after CIN 2 and CIN 3 treatment. Methods: A cross-sectional, observational study with retrospective data collection of patients undergoing cold knife( CKC) or Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) for CIN 2 or CIN 3. The following factors were analyzed in relation to recurrence: compromised margins, age, lesion size, type of surgery and staining of immunomarkers P16 and KI67. Results: Among the 271 women, aged between 17 and 67 years, 71 had CKC and 200 LEEP, 95 had CIN 2 and 173 CIN 3, regarding the status of the margins, 183 patients had free surgical margins, 76 compromised and 12 damaged by artifacts or fragmentation. Of the 76 with compromised margins, 55 were endocervical, 11 ectocervical and 10 both margins. Of the 264 who completed followup, 38 persisted or relapsed the disease. A hundred-five reactions with the P16 marker were performed. As for the analysis of the P16 color intensity, 8 cases were mild, 32 moderate and 65 were strong. Regarding the analysis of immunostained epithelial thickness, 7 had 1/3 of the epithelium stained, 36 stained 2/3 and 62 stained the entire epithelium. A total of 113 reactions with the 67 KI marker were performed. As for the analysis of staining intensity, 3 cases were mild, 24 moderate and 86 strong. Regarding the analysis of immunostained epithelial thickness, 6 occurred in 1/3 of the epithelium, 48 in 2/3 and 59 in the entire epithelium. Conclusion: Only the status of the endocervical margins was associated with the persistence or recurrence of the lesion. Age, colposcopic lesion size, type of surgery and expression of P16/KI67 markers were not associated with recurrence or persistence of the lesion.

Introdução: Mesmo quando as dificuldades pré-neoplásicas são tratadas, existem os riscos de persistência ou recorrência da doença. Objetivos: Avaliar se o status das margens, idade, tamanho da lesão colposcópica, tipo de operação e expressão dos marcadores p16/ki67 são fatores de risco na persistência ou recidiva da lesão intraescamosa de alto3. Estudos: Estudos de transformação de dados transversais, observacionais de pacientes de dados de processamento de alta frequência (EZT) ou exercícios de análise de dados de alta frequência (EZT) ou NIC com 2 ou 3. Método NIC com 2 ou 3. relação a recidiva: comprometimento das margens, idade da lesão colpo, tipo de operação e tamanho com imunomarcadores P16 e KI67. 2 Resultados: Dentre as 271 mulheres, de 17 a 67 anos, 71 outros CF e 200EZT;95 apresentaram NIC 2 e 173 NIC 3; em relação ao status das margens,183 tiveram como margens, 76 prejudicadas por ameaças ou fragmentação. Das 76 com margens esquerdas, 55 foram endovicais, 11 e 10 as margens. Das 64 que a continuação ou 38 persistiram da persistência da doença completa. Foram realizadas 105 reações com o marcador P16. Quantos casos à análise da intensidade da identificação do P16, 8 foram leves, 32 moderados e 65 fortes. Referente a análise da espessura epitelial imunocorada, 7 tiveram 1/3 do epitélio, 36 coraram 2/3 e 62 todo o epitélio. Foram realizadas 113 reações com o marcador KI67. Quanto à análise da identificação da identificação, 3 casos foram moderados e 86 fortes.Em relação a análise da espessura epitelial imunocorada, 48 e pitélio em 1/3, 59 em todo o epitélio. Apenas conclusão: Apenas conclusão endovicais se associam com persistência ou a recidiva da recidiva. A idade, o tamanho da lesão colposcópica, o tipo de procedimento cirúrgico e a expressão dos marcadores P16/KI67 não tiveram associação com a recidiva ou persistência da lesão

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TISSULAR RESPONSE AFTER ABDOMINAL WALL REPAIR USING POLYPROPYLENE MESH AND BOVINE PERICARDIUM MESH.

BACKGROUND: The use of polypropylene meshes for surgical repair of the abdominal wall contributes to a reduction of the of recurrence rates of hernias or defects. However, its intra-abdominal use comes along with the formation of adhesions and several complications. The study and the search for alternative materials, including bovine pericardium, have been regarded as an option for the correction and treatment of resulting hernias with better adaptations and effectiveness. AIM: Evaluating the inflammatory process of the bovine pericardium in comparison with the inflammatory process of synthetic polypropylene mesh. METHOD: Bovine pericardium mesh and polypropylene mesh were placed, both on the same animal. The first group had the mesh removed for analysis on day 20, and the second group on day 40. The variables congestion, granulation, giant cells, necrosis, acute inflammation, chronic inflammation and collagen were analyzed. RESULTS: All variables were found in greater numbers as a response to the polypropylene mesh, except for the collagen, which, on day 40, was greater in response to the bovine pericardium mesh. CONCLUSION: The data in this study suggest that there is less inflammatory reaction in response to bovine pericardium mesh when compared to polypropylene mesh.

IS THERE NEURAL AND FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY AFTER CLIP REMOVAL IN CERVICAL EXPERIMENTAL SYMPATHECTOMY?

BACKGROUND: The surgical treatment of hyperhidrosis by thoracic sympathectomy has brought, in addition to symptomatic relief for many, its main adverse effect: compensatory or reflex sweating. The clipping technique in place of the sympathetic nerve section gave rise to the hope of reversibility, but the positive results showed to be quite divergent, evidencing the academic deficiency regarding the study of this phenomenon. AIM: To observe micro and macroscopic damage caused by the polymer clip on sympathetic nerve of rabbits seven days after their clipping and the findings after three weeks of clip removal. METHOD: In this experimental study, 20 rabbits were divided into two groups of 10, group 1 (clipping) and group 2 (de-clipping). The right cervical sympathetic nerve of all animals was clamped with polymeric clip, and in group 2 the nerve was unclipped seven days later. Group 1 rabbits were induced to death on the 7th postoperative day, and group 2 on the 21st after removal of the polymer clip. Macroscopic variables were: clip appearance, presence of discontinuity lesion, infection and adhesions around the nerve. H&E was used in the evaluation of the phases and degree of the inflammatory process and presence of necrosis, and picrosirius red F3BA for quantification of collagen. RESULTS: The cervical sympathetic nerve was intact, without necrosis or infection in all animals of the experiment; there were adhesions in both groups, being minimal in eight animals of each group and moderate or intense in two; the clip was completely closed in all animals at the 7th postoperative day; the inflammatory process shown was chronic, with monomorphonuclear predominance. There was no significant difference between groups regarding the intensity the inflammatory process, but the amount of collagen type I and type III was significantly higher in group 2. CONCLUSIONS: The injury caused by the polymer clip on the sympathetic nerve may be reversible, allowing functional return in the areas involved in the simulated cervical sympathectomy. Clipping of the cervical sympathetic nerve using a polymer clip does not cause discontinuity injury.

ARE STEM CELL MARKER EXPRESSION AND CD133 ANALYSIS RELEVANT TO DIFFERENTIATE COLORECTAL CANCER?

BACKGROUND: CD133 and AXL have been described as cancer stem cell markers, and c-MYC as a key regulatory cellular mechanism in colorectal cancer (CRC). AIM: Evaluate the prognostic role of the biomarkers CD133, AXL and c-MYC and their association with clinicopathologic characteristics in colorectal adenocarcinomas and adenomas. METHODS: A total of 156 patients with UICC stage I-IV adenocarcinomas (n=122) and adenomas (n=34) were analyzed. Tissue microarrays (TMA) from primary tumors and polyps for CD133, c-MYC and AXL expression were performed and analyzed for their significance with clinicopathologic characteristics. RESULTS: Poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas and disease progression were independent risk factors for poor overall survival. The median overall survival time was 30 months. Positive CD133 expression (35.9% of all cases), particularly of right-sided CRCs (44.8% of the CD133+ cases), was negatively correlated with death in the univariate analysis, which did not reach significance in the multivariate analysis. c-MYC (15.4% of all cases) was predominantly expressed in advanced-stage patients with distant (non-pulmonary/non-hepatic) metastasis. AXL expression was found only occasionally, and predominantly dominated in adenomas, with less penetrance in high-grade dysplasia. CONCLUSIONS: CD133 expression was not associated with inferior overall survival in CRC. While AXL showed inconclusive results, c-MYC expression in primary CRCs was associated with distant metastasis.

BETWEEN PROLENE®, ULTRAPRO® AND BARD SOFT® MESHES WHICH PRESENTS THE BEST PERFORMANCE IN THE REPAIR OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL?

BACKGROUND: In the definition of the mesh to be used to correct hernias, porosity, amount of absorbable material and polypropylene should be considered in the different stages of healing process. AIM: To evaluate the inflammatory reaction in the use of macro and microporous meshes of high and low weight in the repair of defects in the abdominal wall of rats. METHODS: Ninety Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) were used. The animals were submitted to similar surgical procedures, with lesion of the ventral abdominal wall, maintaining the integrity of the parietal peritoneum and correction using the studied meshes (Prolene®, Ultrapro® and Bard Soft®). Euthanasia was performed at 30, 60 and 120 days after surgery. The abdominal wall segments were submitted to histological analysis using H&E, Masson's trichrome, immunohistochemistry, picrosirius red and tensiometric evaluation. RESULTS: On the 120th day, the tensiometric analysis was superior with Ultrapro® macroporous mesh. The inflammatory process score showed a significant prevalence of subacute process at the beginning and at the end of the study. Microporous meshes showed block encapsulation and in macroporous predominance of filamentous encapsulation. CONCLUSION: The Ultrapro® mesh showed better performance than the others in healing process of the abdominal wall.

ARE STEM CELL MARKER EXPRESSION AND CD133 ANALYSIS RELEVANT TO DIFFERENTIATE COLORECTAL CANCER?

BACKGROUND: A) CD133+ cytoplasmic B) AXL+ combined C) c-MYC+ nuclear. CD133 and AXL have been described as cancer stem cell markers, and c-MYC as a key regulatory cellular mechanism in colorectal cancer (CRC). AIM: Evaluate the prognostic role of the biomarkers CD133, AXL and c-MYC and their association with clinicopathologic characteristics in colorectal adenocarcinomas and adenomas. METHODS: A total of 156 patients with UICC stage I-IV adenocarcinomas (n=122) and adenomas (n=34) were analyzed. Tissue microarrays (TMA) from primary tumors and polyps for CD133, c-MYC and AXL expression were performed and analyzed for their significance with clinicopathologic characteristics. RESULTS: Poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas and disease progression were independent risk factors for poor overall survival. The median overall survival time was 30 months. Positive CD133 expression (35.9% of all cases), particularly of right-sided CRCs (44.8% of the CD133+ cases), was negatively correlated with death in the univariate analysis, which did not reach significance in the multivariate analysis. c-MYC (15.4% of all cases) was predominantly expressed in advanced-stage patients with distant (non-pulmonary/non-hepatic) metastasis. AXL expression was found only occasionally, and predominantly dominated in adenomas, with less penetrance in high-grade dysplasia. CONCLUSIONS: CD133 expression was not associated with inferior overall survival in CRC. While AXL showed inconclusive results, c-MYC expression in primary CRCs was associated with distant metastasis.

COULD THE INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL ALTERATIONS PROMOTED BY ROUX-EN-Y GASTRIC BYPASS EXPLAIN HIGHER TENDENCY FOR COLONIC DISEASES IN BARIATRIC PATIENTS?

BACKGROUND: Ki-67 in ascending colon: A) experiment and B) control. Intestinal diversions have revolutionized the treatment of morbid obesity due to its viability and sustained response. However, experimental studies suggest, after these derivations, a higher risk of colon cancer. AIM: To analyze the histological and immunohistological changes that the jejunojejunal shunt can produce in the jejunum, ileum and ascending colon. METHOD: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups, control (n=12) and experiment (n=12) and subdivided into groups of four. Nine weeks after the jejunojejunal shunt, segmental resection of the excluded jejunum, terminal ileum and ascending colon was performed. Histological analysis focused on the thickness of the mucosa, height of the villi, depth of the crypts and immunohistochemistry in the expression of Ki-67 and p53. RESULTS: Significant differences were found between the experiment and control groups in relation to the thickness of the mucosa in the jejunum (p=0.011), in the ileum (p<0.001) and in the colon (p=0.027). There was also a significant difference in relation to the height of the villus in the ileum (p<0.001) and the depth of the crypts in the jejunum (p0.001). The results indicated that there is a significant difference between the groups regarding the expression of Ki-67 in the colon (p<0.001). No significant differences were found between the groups regarding the expression of Ki-67 in the jejunum and ileum. In the P53 evaluation, negative nuclear staining was found in all cases. CONCLUSION: The jejunojejunal deviation performed in the Roux-in-Y gastrojejunal bypass, predispose epithelial proliferative effects, causing an increase in the thickness of the mucosa, height of the villi and depth of the crypts of the jejunum, ileum and ascending colon.

Effect of intra-articular dexmedetomidine on experimental osteoarthritis in rats.

Pharmacological treatment of osteoarthritis is still inadequate due to the low efficacy of the drugs used. Dexmedetomidine via the intra-articular (i.a.) route might be an option for the treatment of osteoarthritis-associated pain. The present study assessed the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of dexmedetomidine administered via the i.a. route in different doses in an experimental model of rat knee osteoarthritis induced with monosodium iodoacetate. Rats were allocated to four groups with 24 animals in each group. The OA (osteoarthritis), DEX-1 (dexmedetomidine in dose of 1µg/kg) and DEX-3 (dexmedetomidine in dose of 3µg/kg) groups were subjected to induction of osteoarthritis through injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) via the i.a. route on the right knee; the control group was not subjected to osteoarthritis induction. Clinical assessment was performed on day 0 (before osteoarthritis induction) and then on days 5, 10, 14, 21 and 28 after induction. Treatment was performed on day 7 via the i.a. route, consisting of dexmedetomidine in doses of 1 and 3 µg/kg, while group OA received 0.9% normal saline. The animals were euthanized on days 7, 14, 21 and 28. Samples of the synovial membrane were collected for histopathological analysis, and the popliteal lymph nodes were collected for measurement of cytokines (interleukin [IL] IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]). Dexmedetomidine (1 and 3 µg/kg) significantly reduced the animals' weight distribution deficit during the chronic-degenerative stage of osteoarthritis and improved the pain threshold throughout the entire experiment. Histological analysis showed that dexmedetomidine did not cause any additional damage to the synovial membrane. The TNF-α levels decreased significantly in the DEX-3 group on day 28 compared with the OA group. Dexmedetomidine reduced pain, as evidenced by clinical parameters of osteoarthritis in rats, but did not have an anti-inflammatory effect on histological evaluation.